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What is Parkinson's Disease?

Parkinson's Disease is a long-term neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It develops when nerve cells in a specific region of the brain, known as the substantia nigra, are damaged or die. These cells produce dopamine, a chemical messenger that helps regulate movement, coordination, and other vital functions.

As dopamine levels decrease, individuals with Parkinson's Disease begin to experience difficulties with smooth and controlled movements. This condition is progressive, meaning symptoms worsen over time.

While the exact cause is still not fully understood, researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the onset of Parkinson’s Disease. The condition affects millions of people worldwide, typically starting after the age of 60, though younger individuals can also be diagnosed with what is referred to as early-onset Parkinson’s.

If you or a loved one is living with Parkinson's, you are not alone. Many resources and advancements in treatment options are available to improve the quality of life for those affected.

Origins of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease was first formally identified in 1817 by British physician Dr. James Parkinson in his essay An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. He described key symptoms like tremors, muscle rigidity, and slow movement, leading to the condition being named after him. However, historical records suggest similar symptoms were recognized as early as 5000 BCE in Ayurvedic medicine and ancient Greek and Chinese texts. Modern research has linked Parkinson’s Disease to dopamine deficiency and neuron degeneration in the brain's substantia nigra. While its exact origin remains unclear, scientists believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to its development. Ongoing research continues to uncover more about this complex condition.

What causes Parkinson's Disease?

Loss of dopamine-producing neurons

Parkinson’s Disease occurs when dopamine-producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain responsible for movement control, gradually break down or die. Dopamine is essential for smooth and coordinated muscle movements. As its levels decrease, motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and slow movement appear. Scientists are still investigating what triggers this neuron loss.

Genetic factors

Although most cases of Parkinson’s Disease are not inherited, about 10-15% are linked to genetic mutations. Specific genes, such as LRRK2, PARK7, PINK1, and SNCA, have been associated with an increased risk. While these mutations do not guarantee that someone will develop the disease, they play a role in its onset, particularly in early-onset Parkinson’s cases.

Environmental triggers

Exposure to environmental toxins has been linked to an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s Disease. Pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals may contribute to nerve cell damage over time. Studies suggest that individuals who have long-term exposure to these substances—such as farmers, welders, or factory workers—may be at a higher risk. However, not everyone exposed develops the disease, indicating other factors are involved.

Aging & cellular decline

Aging is a significant risk factor for Parkinson’s Disease, as dopamine-producing neurons naturally decrease with age. The condition is most commonly diagnosed in people over 60, though early-onset cases do exist. As the brain ages, its ability to repair and replace damaged neurons diminishes, making it more vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases.

Lewy bodies & protein clumps

Research has found that abnormal protein deposits, known as Lewy bodies, accumulate in the brains of people with Parkinson’s Disease. These clumps contain alpha-synuclein, a protein that may interfere with normal brain function. Scientists believe these misfolded proteins contribute to neuron degeneration, but the exact mechanism behind their formation is still under investigation.

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Parkinson's Disease symptoms

The symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease develop gradually and vary from person to person, often starting with subtle changes before progressing. The most common motor symptoms include tremors, which typically begin in the hands or fingers, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) that makes daily tasks difficult, muscle rigidity causing stiffness and discomfort, and postural instability, leading to balance issues and an increased risk of falls. In addition to movement-related symptoms, many individuals experience non-motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances, loss of smell, depression, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction affecting blood pressure, digestion, and bladder control. These symptoms worsen over time, impacting daily life, but early diagnosis and proper management can help improve mobility and overall well-being.

How Steadiwear supports Parkinson's Disease patients

At Steadiwear, we are dedicated to improving the lives of individuals living with movement disorders like Parkinson's Disease. Our innovative Steadi-3 glove is designed to reduce tremors, helping you regain control and confidence in daily tasks. Living with Parkinson’s doesn’t have to mean sacrificing independence. Explore our solutions to learn how we’re making a difference for individuals managing this condition.

FAQ

Yes, a diminished sense of smell, known as hyposmia, is a common but lesser-known symptom of Parkinson's Disease. This early warning sign may occur years before motor symptoms like tremors or stiffness develop. The loss of smell happens because the disease affects the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain responsible for detecting odors. While not everyone with hyposmia will develop Parkinson's Disease, studies show a significant link between this symptom and the condition. If you notice a sudden or gradual loss of smell, especially combined with other early symptoms, consulting a neurologist can help identify potential risks. Recognizing and addressing these signs early can lead to timely diagnosis and management.

While Parkinson’s Disease is not typically considered a hereditary condition, genetics can play a role in certain cases. Around 10–15% of people with Parkinson’s have a family history of the disease, often due to mutations in genes such as LRRK2, PARK7, or SNCA. However, these genetic mutations are relatively rare and not the sole cause. Environmental factors, like toxin exposure, are believed to contribute more significantly to most cases of Parkinson’s. Even if you have a family history, lifestyle factors such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and avoiding environmental toxins may reduce your risk. Genetic testing is available for those concerned about inherited risks, but it should be done with professional guidance.

Regular exercise can significantly benefit individuals with Parkinson’s Disease, potentially slowing its progression. Physical activities like aerobic exercises, strength training, and balance exercises improve motor symptoms, enhance coordination, and boost overall brain health. Exercise increases dopamine receptor activity and neuroplasticity, helping the brain adapt and manage the disease more effectively. Activities like yoga, tai chi, and cycling are especially effective in addressing symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. While exercise is not a cure for Parkinson’s Disease, it plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting a new exercise routine to ensure it suits your specific needs.

Sleep disturbances are common in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease and can significantly affect quality of life. Common issues include insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams), and excessive daytime sleepiness. These problems arise due to changes in brain areas that regulate sleep and the effects of dopamine deficiency. Additionally, motor symptoms like rigidity and tremors can make it difficult to find a comfortable sleeping position. Addressing sleep problems involves a combination of strategies, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, using medications if prescribed, and creating a relaxing bedtime routine. If sleep disturbances persist, a sleep specialist familiar with Parkinson’s Disease can help provide targeted solutions.